Constrained Dynamic Parser

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Revision as of 10:41, 4 February 2010 by imported>Pascal (→‎Some Difficulties)
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This page describes the requirements for a generic parser for the Event-B Mathematical Language.

A first design proposal is also drafted.

Requirements

In order to be usable mathematical extensions require that the event-b mathematical language syntax can be extended by the final user.

The lexical analyser and the syntaxic parser thus have to be extensible in a simple enough way (from a user point of vue).

Requirements Exported by the Current Language Design

Operator Priority

  • operator are defined by group,
  • group of operator have a defined precedences,
  • there may be precedences defined inside groups.

Operator Compatibility

  • a compatibility table defines allowed associativities inside a group,
  • a compatibility table defines allowed associativities between groups (it allows to forbid a syntaxic construction like f(x)^{-1}\;
nota: this requirement was added afterwards with consistency in mind.

Expected Extension Schemes

We do want to at least define operators of the following form :

  • infix : a + b\; or a \vdash b : c\;
  • prefix : \neg a\;
  • postfix :  R^*\;
  • closed : \|a\|\;
  • parentheses sugar : (a +b) * c\;
  • functional postfix :  a \langle b \rangle\;
  • functional prefix :   \langle b \rangle f\;
  • lambda like :  \lambda x\mapsto y . P | E\;
  • Union like :  \Union\{ e \mid P\} or  \Union\{ x,y . P \mid e\}
  • sets : \{a, b, c + e\}\; or \{ e \mid P\}\; or \{x,y . P \mid e\}\;

We also like to define precisely precedences and associativity between existing and new operators.

Requirements exported by the dynamic feature

  • the precedence should not be enumerated but defined by a relation, like: '+' < '*' and '*' < '**', ...

Limitations

Design Alternatives

Make Existing Parser Extensible

The existing parser is a LL recursive descent parser generated by the Coco/R Compiler Generator, which makes extensive use of pre-computed lookahead, which makes it very difficult to be transformed in a sufficiently enough generic parser.

Parser Combinator

This paper is interesting in its proposal of using an acyclic graph to define operator precedence.

Pratt Parser

Note that a pratt parser is essentially a parser for expressions (where expression parts are themselves expressions)... But it may be tweaked to limit the accepted sub-expressions or to enforce some non-expression parts inside an expression. More on that hereafter.

Some Existing Extensible Languages

Design Proposal

Main Concepts

symbol
a symbol is a lexem known by the parser.
group
each symbol belongs to one and only one group.
symbol compatibility
a relation telling if inside a group two symbol are compatibles.
Two symbol are compatibles is they can be parsed without parentheses (see Event-B Mathematical Language for more on compatibility).
group compatibility
a relation telling if two groups are compatibles.
Two symbol of different groups are said compatibles if their group are compatibles.
symbol associativity
a relation which gives the associative precedence of symbols inside a given group.
group associativity
a relation which gives the associative precedence of groups.
Two symbol of different groups have a relative precedence given by the associative precedence of their groups.
generic parser
the parser which is defined.
This parser may be called recursively (an infix expression being build upon a left and right sub-expression) and is often the default parser used when building the AST associated with a symbol.
specific parser
some specific parser, predefined as helper functions to build specific AST.
Some example of specific parser are the one used to parse and build list of identifiers (for quantified predicates), mapplets lists (for lambda), and so one...

Proposed User Interface

The hereafter proposition does not preclude the final UI to take other (more user friendly forms). But the concepts should probably stay the same

We propose that the user will be able to create several predefined type of symbols (new types may certainly be further added by mean of eclipse extension points). When defining a symbol, the user can choose the parser used to parse the sub-expressions (default to generic parser, but a specific parser may be used) and can enforce the form of the resulting parsed sub-expression in terms of their AST root type.

Predefined Symbol Builders

The proposed predefined symbol builders are:

infix
For example predicate conjunction which expects two predicates for left and right parts may be defined by infix("∧", gid="(logic pred)", expected_nonterm=["predicate", "predicate"])
As another example, substitution ≔ of group '(infix subst)' which expect two ident list for left and right expressions may be defined by infix(symbol="≔", gid="(infix subst)", parsers=["ident_list", "ident_list"], expected_nonterm=["ident_list", "ident_list"])
prefix
prefix("¬", "(not pred)", expected_nonterm=["predicate"])
atomic
atomic("⊤", "(atomic pred)")
prefix closed
used to build prefix symbol which must be followed by enclosing symbol(brackets, parentheses,..). For example finite may be defined by: prefix_closed("finite", "(", ")","(atomic pred)", expected_nonterm=["expression"])
postfix: postfix("∼", gid="(unary relation)", expected_nonterm=["expression"])
quantified
quantified("∀", "·", expected_nonterm=["predicate"]
lambda like
lambda_like("λ", "·", u"∣", gid="(quantification)", expected_nonterm=["ident list", "predicate", "expression"])
quantified union like
Union_like("⋃", "·", "∣", gid="(quantification)")
closed sugar
use for parentheses added to enforce associativity: closed_sugar("(", ")")
functional postfix
functional_postfix("(", ")", gid="(functional)", expected_nonterm=["expression", "expression"])

Some right associative versions of those symbol builders may also be supplied (infix_right, or a specific parameter right associative parameter may also be provided to the infix symbol builder).

Predefined Specific Parser

  • expression lists
  • ident lists
  • maplet tree (for lambda)


Defining Compatibility and Precedences

Inside a group, compatibility may be defined like:

   g = group["(binop)"]
   g.add_many_compatibility(
           [   ("∪", "∪"),
               ("∩", "∩"),
               ("∩", "∖"),
               ("∩", "▷"),
               ("∩", "⩥"),
               ("∘", "∘"),
               (";", ";"),
               (";", "▷"),
               (";", "⩥"),
               ("", ""),
               ("◁", "∩"),
               ("◁", "∖"),
               ("◁", ";"),
               ("◁", "⊗"),
               ("◁", "▷"),
               ("◁", "⩥"),
               ("⩥", "∩"),
               ("⩥", "∖"),
               ("⩥", ";"),
               ("⩥", "⊗"),
               ("⩥", "▷"),
               ("⩥", "⩥"),
               ("×", "×"), ]

which defines the compatibility table for expression binary operator as defined in Event-B Mathematical Language.


Inside a group, precedence may be defined like:

g = group["(arithmetic)"]
g.add_many_precedence(
           [   ("^", "÷"),
               ("^", "∗"),
               ("^", "+"),
               ("^", "−"),
               ("^", "mod"),
               ("+", "∗"),
               ("−", "∗"),
               ("+", "÷"),
               ("−", "÷"),
               ("+", "mod"),
               ("−", "mod"), ] )

which defines ^ as having the least precedence amongst the operators of the expression arithmetic group.

Similarly, precedences and compatibilities between groups may be defined :

   group_precedence.add(("(binop)", "(interval)"))
   group_precedence.add(("(interval)", "(arithmetic)"))
   group_precedence.add(("(arithmetic)", "(unary relation)"))
   group_precedence.add(("(unary relation)", "(bound unary)"))
   group_precedence.add(( "(bound unary)", "(bool)"))
   group_compatibility.add_all( [ "(binop)", "(interval)", (arithmetic)", "(unary relation)", "(unary relation)", "(bound unary)",....])

Some Difficulties

Some difficulties appear when trying to implement an Event-B parser with the preceding scheme:

  • A symbol may be declared by several different builders (think of unary and infix minus for example).
Pratt parsers are able to cope with a symbol appearing either at the beginning of an expression or inside an expression (see led and nud hereafter). For example, unary minus and infix minus can be both defined by the proposed scheme. However, in their default form, pratt parser failed in parsing symbol like '{' which appears at the beginning of extension sets, comprehension sets and quantified sets.
SOLUTION #1: The existing Event-B parser uses an infinite lookahead to determine which one of those three sets is actually being parsed.
This solution hinders the extensibility of the parser, because the addition of a symbol requires to modify the lookahead.
However, such an issue may be bypassed, at least in a first version, in enforcing some usage rules. Thus, a new symbol contributed by an extension but used in the lookahead may be rejected as in invalid symbol.
SOLUTION #2: Implementing a backtracking parser.
More precisely, it means that the three sets are attempted to be parsed. The parsing is successful if and only if one of these attempts lead to a result (i.e., it is a failure if several attempts or none lead to a result).
It is a good solution provided that we use memorisation to alleviate the cost of parsing formulas that require heavy backtracking.
  • Some binary infix operators are in fact parsed as n-ary operators (with more than 2 childrens if possible).
An attribute is required to specify if an operator shall be flattened (i.e., parsed as an n-ary operator) or not. It is indeed impossible to "deduce" this information (e.g., the minus operator, which is left associative and self-compatible, shall not be flattened).
  • The returned parsing errors shall be meaningful for users (e.g., the "Missing parenthesis" message may help to solve the problem when the "Invalid expression" message is too imprecise).
  • Defining a grammar or a grammar extension is not an easy job, even with those simple mechanisms.
It would certainly be a good idea to implement a user interface to test the grammar, so that an extension designer has a way to ensure that he agrees with the parser on the semantic of his extension (or at least on the AST obtained by using it). For example, the representation of the syntax tree returned by Formula.getSyntaxTree could be compared to an expected entered string.

Core Algorithm

Main Objects

KnownSymbols
a table associating a SymbolParser for each known symbol.
SymbolParser
a Parser for a specific symbol. It should at least have the following attributes:
  • Array<Parser>
    led
    for parsing the expression associated to the symbol
    id
    when it appears in the middle of an expression (left denotation)
  • Array<Parser>
    nud
    for parsing the expression associated to the symbol
    id
    when it appears at the beginning of an expression (null denotation)
  • String
    id
  • String
    gid
    designing the group to which the
    id
    symbol belongs to.
Note that parsers in led (respectively nud) will be tried one after another until one match (with backtracking to the original state in between).
Parser
A parser, which should have the following attributes
  • Parser Array
    subparsers
    an array of subparsers used by the
    parse
    method. They defaults to
    MainParser
    , but may be set to specific parsers.
and the following methods:
  • parse
    : this method should consume tokens and returns an AST. It may use several
    subparsers
    .
ParserBuilder
the class that inherited from this class provide the interface used to create new symbols. It has the following method:
  • build
    : which build a SymbolParser and store it in the KnownSymbols container as being associated to the symbol for which the parser is being built.


MainParser
This class inherits from Parser and its
parse
function implements the core of the pratt algorithm.
Without taking into account backtracking, the algorithm reads:
def parse(reckognized_token, has_right_associativity=False):
    global token
    t = token                    # t is the processed symbol
    token = tokenizer.next()         # token is the next symbol
    left = t.nud()               # a new expression is being parsed (null denotation : nothing on the left)
    while has_less_priority(reckognized_token, token, has_right_associativity):
        t = token
        token = next_token()     # if precedence allows it, we parse next expression
        left = t.led(left)       # has being left expression of current symbol (left denotation)
    return left
The parsing of a new expression is initiated by:
    token = tokenizer.next()
    ast = MainParser.parse(KnownSymbols["(eof)"])
where the
tokenizer
returns the SymbolParser associated to the next lexem.
identListParser
inherits from Parser. Its
parse
function implements the parsing of an ident list (like a,b,c\;).
identMapletListParser
inherits from Parser . Its
parse
function implements the parsing of a maplet list as used in lambda expression (like a \mapsto (b \mapsto c)\;).
expressionListParser
inherits from Parser . Its
parse
function implements a list of expression as used in the extension set expression.

TODO: section being worked on

infixParser
inherits from Parser. Its
parse
function is a led parser and implements something like (pseudocode):
parse(AST left)
  ast = new AST()
  ast.first = left
  verify_expected_group(ast.first, this.expected_non_terminals[0])
  ast.second = this.parsers[0].parse(ast, is_right_associative=False)
  verify_expected_group(ast.second, this.expected_non_terminals[1])
  return ast


infixBuilder
inherits from ParserBuilder and has the following methods:
  • build(Lexem lexem, GroupID gid, Array<Parser> parsers, Array<NonTermGroups> expected_non_terminals) which implements something like:
if lexem in KnownSymbols:
else:

TODO

Open Questions

How does the user specify the expected AST?

Some examples in the existing parser:
  • Bound identifiers are converted to de Bruijn indexes while constructing the AST. Is this desirable ? How does the user specify that identifier are bound or not ?

Sample Implementation

A prototype as been developed in Python to quickly try different solutions.

The development tree of the python prototype is available at http://bitbucket.org/matclab/eventb_pratt_parser/